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Leachate generation is one of the most critical environmental issues associated with the disposal of wastes, particularly in landfills. When waste is deposited in a landfill, it undergoes several physical, chemical, and biological processes that eventually release contaminants. These contaminants, when mixed with percolating water such as rainfall, surface water infiltration, groundwater intrusion, or liquid waste inputs, form a contaminated liquid known as leachate. Leachate has a highly variable composition depending on the age of the landfill, the types of waste deposited, the degree of compaction, and the hydro-meteorological conditions of the site. Because leachate can carry toxic organics, heavy metals, and pathogenic microorganisms, understanding its generation and quantification is extremely important for the proper design, operation, and environmental safety of landfills. One of the most accepted scientific approaches to predict and quantify leachate formation is the water balance method, which evaluates all water inputs and outputs from a landfill system to estimate the net volume available to become leachate. The water balance method is based on the hydrological principle of accounting for the total water movement in and out of a defined system. In the context of a landfill, the system boundary is the landfill surface and body. Water enters the landfill mainly through precipitation, surface water run-on, and in some cases by direct liquid waste disposal. Water is lost from the landfill by mechanisms such as evaporation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and moisture __________ ______ ________ ________ ______ ____ ______ ___ ___ __________ ________ _______.
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