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The Environmental Protection Act of 1986 was formulated in India as a comprehensive legislation that addressed the growing concerns about environmental degradation, ecological imbalance, and threats to human health arising out of unchecked industrialization, urbanization, and developmental projects. The backdrop of its formulation is deeply connected with both national and international developments during the late twentieth century, especially the Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984, which acted as a direct trigger for enacting a unified and overarching environmental law. The reasons for its formulation are multifaceted and can be understood in the context of ecology, environment, and urban development. One of the primary reasons was the urgent need for a consolidated law that could provide an umbrella framework for environmental protection in India. Before 1986, environmental regulation was scattered across different legislations such as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. These laws dealt with specific environmental aspects, but there was no integrated legislation to address environmental issues in a holistic manner. The growing complexities of pollution, deforestation, and ecological degradation required a comprehensive mechanism that could address air, water, soil, and hazardous substances under one framework. Another important reason for formulating the Act was India’s international commitment following the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972. The Stockholm Conference emphasized ______ _______ ______ _____ ____ ______ ______ _________.
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