What are the challenges or limitations associated with implementing LHTES systems?

Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) systems have emerged as a promising solution for enhancing energy efficiency and enabling better integration of renewable energy sources. By utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) to store and release thermal energy during phase transitions (typically solid-liquid), LHTES systems offer high energy density and nearly isothermal operation. However, the implementation of LHTES systems is associated with several technical, economic, and operational challenges that limit their widespread adoption.

One of the primary challenges in LHTES systems is the low thermal conductivity of most PCMs. Organic PCMs such as paraffin wax and fatty acids, while chemically stable and safe, typically have poor thermal conductivity (ranging between 0.2–0.5 W/m·K), which limits the rate of heat exchange. This affects the charging and discharging times, __________ ____ ______ __________ __________ _________ ___ ____.
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