) What are the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Dura

Question

) What are the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties of a transaction? Explain each property with a suitable example related to an online banking fund transfer.

01 Dec 2025

Answer :

Word Count : 208

In Database Management Systems, ACID properties ensure that transactions are processed reliably. Atomicity means that a transaction is treated as a single unit, which either completes fully or does not happen at all. For example, during an online banking fund transfer, if $500 is being transferred from Account A to Account B, ____ ________ _______ ___ ______ ________.
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Related Questions

(a) Consider a Relation: Course(CourseCode, CourseName, ProgrammeCode, ProgrammeName, CourseCredit, CourseDuration, Programme Duration, ProgrammeCredit). Some of the constraints on the relation Courseare:

CourseCode uniquely identifies a course.

ProgrammeCode is a unique code of a programme. A programme consists of many courses. A course can be part of multiple programmes.

A Programme consists of compulsory courses and optional courses. To complete a Programme, a student must complete all the compulsory courses and optional courses, as per the total credit requirements of a Programme.

Perform the following tasks for the relation given above:

(i) What is the key to the relation?

(ii) Identify and list the functional dependencies in the relation.

(iii) Make an instance of this relation consisting of at least 8 to 10 records, showing possible redundancies.

(iv) Decompose the relation Courseinto 2NF and 3NF relations.

(b) What is multi-valued dependency? Explain with the help of an example. How can it be used to decompose a relation into the 4th Normal Form? Explain with the help of an example. Also, explain the concept of the Join dependency with the help of an example.

(d) Consider the following relational database:

Member (memberId,memberName, memberAddress, memberPhone)

BookIssued (memberID, BookID, Issue Date, returnDate)

Book(BookId, BookTitle, FirstAuthor)

The underlined attribute(s) in the relations given aboveform the primary key. In relation Member the attribute memberId is the unique identifier of a member. The purposes of other attributes in the Member relation are self-explanatory. You may define the domain of different attributes. Pleasenote that the BookIssued relation has two foreign keys,namely memberID and BookID, which reference the Member and Book relations, respectively. Write and run the following SQL queries on the database:

(i) Create the tables with the primary and foreign key constraints.

(ii) Insert at least 5 records each in the Member and Book tables and about 10 records in the BookIssuedtable.

(iii) List the name and phone number of all the members in lexicographical order.

(iv) Find all the Books issued to the member whose memberID is "0001".

(v) a book is not returned if returnDate is NULL) Find the list of those members who have not returned more than one book. (Assume that

(vi) Find the number of books whose first author's name is "XYZ".

(vii) Find the pair of members who have the same memberPhone.

(viii) Find the list of Books whose title includes the term "Database".

(ix) Find the title of the book that has been issued the most.

(x) Find the list of members who have not issued any books.

me	T1	T2
t1	READ(A)
t2	A = A - 100
t3		READ(A)
t4		A = A * 1.1
t5		WRITE(A)
t6		READ(B)
t7	WRITE(A)
t8	READ(B)
t9	B = B + 100
t10	WRITE(B)

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