Log-Based Recovery and the role of Checkpoints

Question

01 Dec 2025

Answer :

Word Count : 213

In Database Management Systems, log-based recovery is a crucial mechanism to ensure database consistency in case of system failures, such as crashes or power outages. The system maintains a log, which is a sequential record of all changes made to the database. _________ _______ ______ ___ ______ ________ _________ ____ _________ ________.
_____ _____ _________ _____ ___ ___.
_______ _____ _______ ________ __________ __________ ______.
_____ _________ _____ _______ ___ ___ ______ __________.
_______ ________ _____ _____ ________ ______ _____ _______ ________ _____ ________ _____.
________ ____ ________ _______ ________ ________ _________ ____ ________ _________ ___.
_______ ________ __________ ________ __________ _________ ___.
_________ _______ __________ ___ _________ _____.
______ _______ __________ __________ ____ ___.
___ ______ ____ _______ ___ ______ ________ __________ ______ _______ ___ ________.
___ ______ ___ _____ _____ ________ ____ ______ ____.
_______ _______ ______ ____ ________ ________ ___.
______ ___ ______ ____ ________ ____ ______ ___ ___ _________.
___ _________ __________ ______ _____ _______ ________ _________ _________ ______ _____.
__________ ________ __________ ______ ____ ____ ____ ___ _____ _______ _________.
______ ____ _________ _____ ___ ________ ________ _________ _______ _____ _______ ________.
______ _________ _________ ________ ________ _______ ______ ______ ______ _______.
___ ______ _______ ___ _______ _______ _______.
______ ________ _______ ______ _______ __________ _____ ______ ___.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp

Related Questions

(a) Consider a Relation: Course(CourseCode, CourseName, ProgrammeCode, ProgrammeName, CourseCredit, CourseDuration, Programme Duration, ProgrammeCredit). Some of the constraints on the relation Courseare:

CourseCode uniquely identifies a course.

ProgrammeCode is a unique code of a programme. A programme consists of many courses. A course can be part of multiple programmes.

A Programme consists of compulsory courses and optional courses. To complete a Programme, a student must complete all the compulsory courses and optional courses, as per the total credit requirements of a Programme.

Perform the following tasks for the relation given above:

(i) What is the key to the relation?

(ii) Identify and list the functional dependencies in the relation.

(iii) Make an instance of this relation consisting of at least 8 to 10 records, showing possible redundancies.

(iv) Decompose the relation Courseinto 2NF and 3NF relations.

(b) What is multi-valued dependency? Explain with the help of an example. How can it be used to decompose a relation into the 4th Normal Form? Explain with the help of an example. Also, explain the concept of the Join dependency with the help of an example.

(d) Consider the following relational database:

Member (memberId,memberName, memberAddress, memberPhone)

BookIssued (memberID, BookID, Issue Date, returnDate)

Book(BookId, BookTitle, FirstAuthor)

The underlined attribute(s) in the relations given aboveform the primary key. In relation Member the attribute memberId is the unique identifier of a member. The purposes of other attributes in the Member relation are self-explanatory. You may define the domain of different attributes. Pleasenote that the BookIssued relation has two foreign keys,namely memberID and BookID, which reference the Member and Book relations, respectively. Write and run the following SQL queries on the database:

(i) Create the tables with the primary and foreign key constraints.

(ii) Insert at least 5 records each in the Member and Book tables and about 10 records in the BookIssuedtable.

(iii) List the name and phone number of all the members in lexicographical order.

(iv) Find all the Books issued to the member whose memberID is "0001".

(v) a book is not returned if returnDate is NULL) Find the list of those members who have not returned more than one book. (Assume that

(vi) Find the number of books whose first author's name is "XYZ".

(vii) Find the pair of members who have the same memberPhone.

(viii) Find the list of Books whose title includes the term "Database".

(ix) Find the title of the book that has been issued the most.

(x) Find the list of members who have not issued any books.

me	T1	T2
t1	READ(A)
t2	A = A - 100
t3		READ(A)
t4		A = A * 1.1
t5		WRITE(A)
t6		READ(B)
t7	WRITE(A)
t8	READ(B)
t9	B = B + 100
t10	WRITE(B)

IGNOU Solved Assignments Assignments Ignou Projects Project Previous Year Solved Exam Papers Notes Notes Sample Question Papers Sample Question Papers

IGNOU NEWS

Assignment Submission Last Date Extended Till 30 June 2026 Click Here★★★IGNOU June 2026 TEE Date Sheet Released Click Here★★★