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The emergence of Environmental Sociology can be traced through multiple historical, theoretical, and sociopolitical developments that have shaped the way sociologists understand the relationship between society and the environment. The roots of environmental sociology lie at the intersection of classical sociological theory, ecological concerns, and growing awareness of human-induced environmental change. Historically, sociological inquiry largely focused on human social structures, institutions, and interactions, often neglecting the role of the natural environment. However, the increasing recognition that social life is profoundly influenced by environmental factors prompted the development of a distinct subfield known as Environmental Sociology. One of the earliest intellectual foundations for Environmental Sociology can be linked to classical sociological thinkers such as Karl Marx, Émile Durkheim, and Max Weber, although they did not explicitly formulate an environmental perspective. Marx, for instance, discussed the notion of the metabolic rift, a concept highlighting the disruption of natural cycles due to capitalist production. He argued that industrial agriculture and extractive practices created a disconnection between humans and nature, leading to ecological degradation. Similarly, Durkheim’s interest in the division of labor and social solidarity implied ________ ___ _____ ___ _________ ____ _________ ____ _______ ________ _________.
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