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The secondary structure of proteins refers to the local folding patterns within a polypeptide chain that arise due to hydrogen bonding between the backbone atoms. These structures provide stability and are essential for determining the overall three-dimensional conformation of proteins. The main types of secondary structures are the alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet, and turns or loops, each of which contributes differently to the shape and function of the protein. The alpha helix is one of the most common secondary structures. It is a right-handed coiled structure resembling a spring, stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and ____ ________ _______ ______ __________ ____ ___ ________.
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