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Systems biology is an interdisciplinary approach that integrates biological data from multiple levels—genes, proteins, cells, tissues, and organs—to create a comprehensive understanding of complex biological systems. In the context of disease mechanisms, it shifts the focus from studying isolated components to analyzing the interactions and networks that govern cellular behavior. This holistic perspective allows researchers to identify how perturbations in molecular networks can lead to disease, rather than attributing disease to single gene mutations or protein dysfunction alone. For example, in cancer, systems biology enables the mapping of signaling pathways and gene ____ _______ _____ __________ ____.
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