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Soil and water conservation are central to the sustainability of agriculture, as both resources form the foundation of crop production and ecological balance. With rising population pressures, climate variability, and degradation of natural resources, ensuring the judicious use and preservation of soil and water has become a critical necessity. Farmers and agricultural planners adopt various conservation measures to prevent soil erosion, improve soil fertility, and optimize water availability for sustainable farming practices. These measures can be broadly classified into mechanical, agronomical, and integrated approaches that focus on preventing resource loss while enhancing productivity. One of the foremost soil conservation measures is contour farming, which involves plowing along the contour lines of slopes rather than up and down. This reduces the velocity of water runoff, encourages infiltration, and prevents soil erosion. Closely related is strip cropping, where alternating strips of erosion-resistant crops such as grasses or legumes are grown alongside erosion-prone crops like maize or millets. The vegetative strips act as barriers, trapping soil particles and reducing runoff. Terracing is another widely adopted measure, particularly in hilly regions. By constructing step-like platforms across slopes, terraces reduce the steepness of land and effectively minimize soil erosion while allowing water to percolate. Bunds and check dams serve as structural measures that help in both soil and water conservation. Earthen bunds, stone bunds, and graded bunds across farmlands reduce runoff velocity and promote water infiltration. Check dams, which are small barriers constructed _________ _________ _____ _______ _____ _______ ______ ________ ________ ________ ______ __________.
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