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Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and forms the staple food for more than half of the global population. It has immense importance in Indian agriculture, occupying a central place in the food security system of the country. To ensure good productivity and sustainability, farmers need to adopt a systematic package of practices that covers every stage of rice cultivation, from climate considerations to land preparation, nutrient management, pest and disease control, and ultimately harvesting and threshing. The package of practices is designed to maximize yield, improve grain quality, and protect soil and water resources while minimizing production costs. Rice is predominantly a tropical and subtropical crop, thriving in areas where high temperature, humidity, and water availability are assured. The ideal temperature range for rice cultivation is 20 to 37 degrees Celsius, with germination occurring at a minimum of 12 to 14 degrees Celsius. During tillering and vegetative growth stages, the crop requires about 25 to 31 degrees Celsius, while for grain ripening, a slightly cooler temperature of around 20 to 25 degrees Celsius is favorable. Rice requires a long growing season of 100 to 150 days depending on the variety. Rainfall of about 120 to 150 cm is generally considered sufficient for rainfed rice, but for irrigated rice, assured water supply is essential throughout the crop cycle. High humidity, plenty of sunshine, and a fertile alluvial or clay loam soil with good water retention capacity provide the best conditions. Rice is adaptable to different ecosystems such as irrigated lowlands, rainfed uplands, deep water areas, and even coastal saline soils when suitable varieties are selected. Land preparation is one of the most crucial steps in rice cultivation as it ensures a proper environment for seed germination, root growth, and weed control. In traditional practices, puddling is commonly done __________ __________ _____ ___ __________ ________ ______.
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