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Landfill gas is generated due to the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste deposited in landfills. This gas mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide, along with trace amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. If not properly treated, landfill gas poses serious environmental, health, and safety hazards such as greenhouse gas emissions, unpleasant odours, fire and explosion risks, and groundwater contamination. Therefore, effective treatment of landfill gases is essential for environmental protection and sustainable waste management. Various methods are used for the treatment of landfill gases depending on the volume of gas generated, site conditions, economic feasibility, and intended end use. One of the most basic methods for landfill gas treatment is flaring. In this method, the collected gas is burned in a controlled manner using an enclosed or open flare system. Flaring converts methane, which has a high global warming potential, into carbon dioxide and water vapour, thereby reducing its harmful impact on the atmosphere. Enclosed flares are more efficient and provide better combustion control compared to open flares, as they operate at higher temperatures and ensure complete destruction of harmful compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and volatile organic compounds. Flaring is widely used in landfills where the quantity of gas is insufficient for energy recovery or where energy utilization is not economically viable. Although flaring does not produce usable energy, it is an effective method for reducing odour, explosion risk, and greenhouse gas emissions. Another important method is landfill gas utilization for energy recovery. In this approach, landfill gas is _______ _____ __________ _________ ______ _________.
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