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Leachate is a highly contaminated liquid generated when water percolates through solid waste and extracts soluble, suspended, and dissolved materials from it. The composition of leachate varies depending on the age of the landfill, type of waste, climatic conditions, and degree of decomposition, but it generally contains a complex mixture of organic, inorganic, biological, and toxic contaminants that pose serious environmental and public health risks. One of the primary groups of contaminants present in leachate is organic matter. This includes biodegradable organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and volatile fatty acids formed during the decomposition of municipal solid waste. High concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are typical indicators of organic pollution in leachate, reflecting the presence of oxidizable substances. As waste undergoes anaerobic decomposition, humic and fulvic acids develop, giving leachate a dark color and contributing to its persistent organic load. These organic compounds can significantly reduce dissolved oxygen levels in receiving water bodies, thereby affecting aquatic ecosystems. In addition to organic pollutants, inorganic contaminants form a major component of leachate. These include various dissolved salts such as chlorides, sulfates, bicarbonates, and carbonates. Elevated levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) increase the salinity of leachate, making it harmful for soil productivity and groundwater quality. Heavy metals are another critical group of inorganic contaminants commonly detected in leachate. Metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nickel, zinc, copper, and arsenic enter the waste _______ _______ __________ ______ ________ _____.
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