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The shift in policy approaches towards women, from welfare to empowerment, reflects a transformative evolution in development thinking and gender discourse over the past several decades. This transition has been critically influenced by the Women in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD) frameworks, both of which represent distinct paradigms that have shaped gender mainstreaming in policy-making, program implementation, and international development agendas. The Women in Development (WID) approach emerged in the early 1970s as a response to the marginalization of women in development processes. Prior to this period, development policies largely ignored the specific needs and contributions of women, operating under the assumption that benefits from economic development would automatically trickle down to all, including women. The WID approach challenged this by emphasizing the need to integrate women into existing development projects, recognizing their productive roles and advocating for women-specific initiatives. WID was largely influenced by liberal feminist perspectives, which demanded equal opportunities for women in education, employment, and political representation. The WID approach primarily adopted a welfare-oriented framework in its initial stages. Women were viewed as passive recipients of aid, particularly in their roles as mothers and caregivers. Development programs under this model focused on improving women's access to basic needs such as healthcare, nutrition, and family planning, which were often tied to broader population control and child welfare agendas. Women’s roles were confined to the domestic sphere, and the emphasis was on providing them with social services that could improve their condition without fundamentally altering gender relations or questioning the patriarchal structures that perpetuated inequality. However, this welfare approach within WID faced significant criticism for reinforcing existing gender roles and failing to address the structural causes ___ _________ ____ __________ ________ ____ ______ __________ ______ ______ ______ ______.
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