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Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant global challenges of the twenty-first century, affecting ecosystems, economies, human health, and societies in profound ways. While international agreements and national policies play a major role in tackling climate change, the role of state governments is equally critical, especially in a federal structure like India. Climate change impacts are highly localized, and therefore, effective adaptation and mitigation measures often need to be designed and implemented at the sub-national level. State governments are uniquely positioned to integrate climate concerns into development planning, ensure coordination across sectors, and respond to the specific vulnerabilities of their regions. Their role becomes even more vital because they act as the interface between local communities and national policies, thereby bridging the gap between global frameworks and grassroots realities. One of the most important roles of state governments in addressing climate change is policy formulation and planning. Many states in India have prepared State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCCs) in line with the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). These action plans outline strategies and sectoral priorities tailored to the specific geographical, social, and economic contexts of the state. For example, a coastal state like Odisha emphasizes disaster management and coastal zone protection, while a Himalayan state like Himachal Pradesh focuses more on glacier retreat, forest conservation, and sustainable tourism. Through these plans, states are able to _____ _________ ______ _________ ________ ____ ___ _______ _______ _________ ___.
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