Word Count : 405

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Second messengers play a pivotal role in hormone-mediated signal transduction by acting as intracellular mediators that amplify and propagate the signal from the cell surface receptor to intracellular targets. Hormones, which are chemical messengers, typically bind to specific receptors on the plasma membrane or inside the cell. Water-soluble hormones such as peptide and catecholamine hormones bind to cell surface receptors, while lipid-soluble hormones like steroid hormones diffuse through the plasma membrane to interact with intracellular receptors. For cell surface receptors, the ________ ________ ________ _________ ________ _________ __________.
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