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Natural drivers of climate change refer to the Earth’s internal and external processes that influence the climate system without any human intervention. These natural forces have been operating for millions of years, shaping long-term climatic patterns and contributing to both gradual and abrupt shifts in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric composition. Understanding these drivers is essential in the study of climate change because they help distinguish between natural variability and human-induced changes observed in the modern era. Among the most significant natural drivers are solar radiation fluctuations, volcanic activity, changes in Earth’s orbit known as Milankovitch cycles, ocean-atmosphere interactions, and natural variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. Each of these factors affects the energy balance of the planet, either by increasing the amount of solar energy retained or by reducing it, thereby influencing global temperatures and weather patterns. Solar radiation is the primary source of energy for Earth’s climate system, and variations in solar output have historically influenced natural climate fluctuations. Although the Sun’s energy output remains relatively stable, it undergoes small but measurable changes ________ ____ _____ ________ ____ ___ ____ _______ _______.
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