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Radiation measurement is a fundamental aspect of environmental chemistry, especially in monitoring radioactive contamination, assessing occupational exposure, and studying environmental radioactivity. Various instruments are employed to detect, quantify, and analyze ionizing radiation, which includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. Each type of radiation requires specific detection techniques due to differences in penetration ability, energy, and ionization properties. One of the most commonly used instruments is the Geiger-Müller (GM) counter. It consists of a gas-filled tube with an electrode system; when radiation passes through, it ionizes the gas and produces an electrical pulse. The GM counter is highly sensitive to beta and gamma radiation and provides rapid detection. However, it does not provide detailed energy information or discriminate between different types of radiation efficiently. It is ___ _________ ______ _________ ____ _______ __________ ________ ___ ________ ______ _______.
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