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Lubricants are substances introduced between two surfaces in relative motion to reduce friction, wear, and heat generation, thereby improving the efficiency and lifespan of mechanical systems. The mechanism by which lubricants function involves creating a protective layer or film between surfaces, which prevents direct metal-to-metal contact. This film can be in the form of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid depending on the type of lubricant and the operating conditions. The lubrication mechanism is generally classified into boundary, hydrodynamic, and elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Boundary lubrication occurs when the surfaces are in close proximity and the lubricant film is very thin, allowing only molecular layers of lubricant to separate the surfaces. In this regime, the chemical properties of the lubricant, including the presence of additives, play a critical role in minimizing wear and friction. Hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when a continuous fluid film completely separates the moving surfaces, and the pressure generated by the relative motion supports the load. This type of lubrication is typical in journal bearings and rotating shafts where the surfaces are immersed in or coated by a sufficient amount of lubricant. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is observed in heavily loaded contacts, such as gears and rolling-element bearings, where elastic deformation of the surfaces and the pressure-dependent viscosity ___ _____ _________ ________ ___ ________ ___ ________.
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