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Conservation agriculture has emerged as an essential approach to address the dual challenge of sustaining agricultural productivity while mitigating and adapting to climate change. Soil plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle, and through appropriate management practices it can serve as both a sink for carbon and a foundation for resilient food systems. Enhancing soil organic carbon and improving soil health are central to these goals, as they not only improve the fertility and productivity of agricultural lands but also contribute significantly to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Soil organic carbon acts as a reservoir of nutrients, improves soil structure, and supports biodiversity, while healthy soils buffer against climate variability by improving water retention and resilience to extreme weather events. Conservation agricultural practices that prioritize minimal soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diversified crop rotations are key tools in this direction. One of the most important practices is minimal soil disturbance, commonly implemented through reduced tillage or zero-tillage systems. Conventional tillage accelerates the decomposition of organic matter and increases soil erosion, leading to carbon losses into the atmosphere. By reducing or eliminating tillage, soils maintain their structure and accumulate more organic carbon over time. Zero-tillage allows plant residues to remain on the surface, where they gradually decompose and contribute organic matter back into the soil profile. This practice reduces carbon dioxide emissions, enhances soil aggregation, and minimizes erosion losses. Additionally, conservation tillage requires less fuel consumption, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions from machinery use, which adds another mitigation benefit. For adaptation, reduced tillage improves soil water ___ ________ _______ ____ ____ ___ _____ _________ _______ _______ _____ ________.
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