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One of the major governance challenges in higher education is the prevalence of evaluation practices influenced by the “kunji culture,” which refers to excessive dependence on guidebooks, answer keys, and ready-made study materials rather than encouraging original thinking and conceptual understanding among students. This phenomenon affects the overall quality of education and weakens the objectives of higher education governance, which aims to promote knowledge creation, research orientation, and intellectual independence. Evaluation systems play a central role in determining learning outcomes and academic standards in higher education institutions. When assessment patterns encourage rote learning or can be easily predicted through limited study material, students tend to focus on memorization rather than analytical and critical skills. The dominance of kunji culture is often linked with examination systems that rely heavily on short-answer questions and repetitive patterns, which students can prepare using commercially available guidebooks. This practice undermines the purpose of higher ____ _________ _________ _______ _________ ________ ___ _____.
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