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The global politics of climate change negotiations are deeply shaped by the historical, economic, and developmental asymmetries between the Global North and the Global South. The North, comprising mainly industrialized, developed countries, has historically contributed the majority of greenhouse gas emissions, having industrialized early and reaped economic benefits from carbon-intensive growth. The South, encompassing developing and underdeveloped nations, is far less responsible for historical emissions but faces disproportionate impacts of climate change due to geographic vulnerability, weaker adaptive capacities, and limited financial and technological resources. This unequal responsibility and vulnerability form the core of the North-South divide in climate change negotiations, raising fundamental questions of equity, justice, and responsibility. The historical trajectory of emissions illustrates why this divide persists. Industrialized nations of the North have emitted the bulk of greenhouse gases since the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their development trajectories were built on intensive fossil fuel use, with little regard for environmental costs. By contrast, much of the South industrialized late or remains in the process of doing so, contributing far less to cumulative emissions. Yet climate change affects the South disproportionately, with low-lying island states facing rising sea levels, arid regions grappling with droughts, and agrarian economies suffering from unpredictable weather patterns. This dual reality fuels the South’s argument that developed nations must bear greater responsibility for mitigation and adaptation, both financially and technologically. One of the most significant principles shaping climate negotiations is “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities” (CBDR-RC), enshrined in the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This principle acknowledges that while all countries share a responsibility to address climate change, developed countries must take the lead due to their historical emissions and greater capacities. Developing countries, on the other hand, require flexibility to pursue growth while adapting to climate impacts. The North often emphasizes the “common” part of the responsibility, advocating for universal obligations, whereas the South stresses “differentiated responsibilities,” insisting that equity and justice demand a greater burden on developed nations. The tension between these interpretations frequently stalls negotiations. The Kyoto Protocol of _________ ______ __________ _____ _________.
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