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In nano technology, fabrication approaches are broadly classified into top-down and bottom-up methods. The top-down approach involves breaking down bulk materials into nanoscale structures, whereas the bottom-up approach builds nanostructures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. The top-down approach is similar to traditional manufacturing techniques, while the bottom-up approach mimics natural molecular assembly processes. The top-down approach starts with larger bulk material and reduces its ___ _________ _________ _____ _____ _____ _______ _________ _________ ______.
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