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The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts of 1992 are considered landmark legislations in the democratic and administrative history of India because they provided a constitutional status to local bodies and strengthened the concept of decentralisation and local self-governance. Before these amendments, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) existed in several states but they lacked uniformity, regularity, stability, and adequate powers. Their functioning depended largely on the will of the state governments. The amendments sought to provide a clear framework for decentralisation of power, creation of institutions of self-government at the rural and urban levels, and direct participation of people in decision-making processes. They were enacted in order to give effect to the directive principle contained in Article 40 of the Constitution, which urged the state to organise village panchayats and endow them with powers necessary to function as units of self-government. The 73rd Amendment dealt with rural local bodies or Panchayati Raj Institutions, while the 74th Amendment dealt with urban local bodies or municipalities. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act inserted Part IX into the Constitution, titled “The Panchayats,” covering Articles 243 to 243O. It also added ______ ______ __________ ______ __________ _______ _____ _____ ______ ______ _________.
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