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The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts of 1992 are considered landmark legislations in the democratic and administrative history of India because they provided a constitutional status to local bodies and strengthened the concept of decentralisation and local self-governance. Before these amendments, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) existed in several states but they lacked uniformity, regularity, stability, and adequate powers. Their functioning depended largely on the will of the state governments. The amendments sought to provide a clear framework for decentralisation of power, creation of institutions of self-government at the rural and urban levels, and direct participation of people in decision-making processes. They were enacted in order to give effect to the directive principle contained in Article 40 of the Constitution, which urged the state to organise village panchayats and endow them with powers necessary to function as units of self-government. The 73rd Amendment dealt with rural local bodies or Panchayati Raj Institutions, while the 74th Amendment dealt with urban local bodies or municipalities. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act inserted Part IX into the Constitution, titled “The Panchayats,” covering Articles 243 to 243O. It also added the Eleventh Schedule which contains 29 functional items to be entrusted to the Panchayats. The salient features of this amendment can be explained in detail. First, the Act provided for a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj at the village, intermediate, and district levels. This ensured a structure of governance at the grassroots level, although states with population below twenty lakh were permitted to skip the intermediate tier. Second, the composition of Panchayats was made democratic, as all seats were to be filled by direct election from territorial constituencies within the Panchayat area. The chairpersons at different __________ ________ ______ __________ _________.
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