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The financial resources of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) hold a crucial place in the functioning of decentralised governance in India. Decentralisation in a real sense requires that local governments are not only entrusted with powers of administration but are also provided with adequate financial resources to discharge their responsibilities effectively. Panchayati Raj, introduced as a constitutional mandate through the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992, was envisaged as a means to bring governance closer to the people, ensuring participatory democracy, equitable development, and accountability. However, the success of this vision depends largely upon the fiscal autonomy of Panchayati Raj Institutions, for without adequate funds even constitutionally mandated powers cannot be put into practice. Financial resources of PRIs are both internal and external. Internal resources are those which are mobilised by the Panchayats themselves, whereas external resources refer to transfers from state and central governments, often through grants, schemes, and revenue-sharing mechanisms. A balanced financial system is necessary to strengthen the autonomy of Panchayats and enable them to respond to local developmental needs. In practice, the dependence on external resources has been greater, and this has posed challenges to the ideal of fiscal federalism at the grassroots level. One of the most important internal financial resources of Panchayati Raj Institutions is the power of taxation. The Constitution, through the Eleventh Schedule and state-specific Panchayati Raj legislations, allows Panchayats to levy, collect, and appropriate certain taxes, duties, tolls, and fees. For instance, Gram Panchayats can impose taxes on property, houses, marketplaces, fairs, and agricultural land, as well as user charges for sanitation, water supply, or street lighting. They may also collect fees for issuing licenses, conducting trade fairs, and maintaining local infrastructure. These powers, however, vary from state to state as local taxation is a state subject. While taxation powers provide Panchayats with financial autonomy, their actual yield has been quite low due to weak enforcement, __________ _____ _____ ____ _____ ____ ___ ___ _____ _________ __________.
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