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Women play a central and indispensable role in livestock management, particularly in rural agricultural settings where livestock contributes significantly to household livelihoods, nutrition, and income. Across various societies, women are primarily responsible for the day-to-day care, feeding, breeding, and health maintenance of animals. Their involvement spans multiple activities, ranging from routine chores to complex management decisions that directly impact productivity and sustainability. Despite their significant contributions, women often operate within informal frameworks and lack formal recognition, access to resources, and decision-making power. Understanding their roles requires a comprehensive exploration of the various dimensions of livestock management, the challenges they face, and the implications for gender equality and rural development. In daily livestock care, women are mainly responsible for feeding, watering, and cleaning the animals. They ensure that animals receive adequate nutrition by preparing fodder, collecting grass, and managing crop residues. Women often coordinate seasonal grazing and ensure that animals have access to clean water, which is essential for their health and productivity. This routine work is time-intensive and physically demanding, yet it is largely undervalued because it is considered a natural extension of women’s household responsibilities. In addition, women manage the milking of animals such as cows, goats, and buffaloes, and they often process milk into value-added products like butter, cheese, and curd. These activities not only provide essential nutrition for the family but also generate supplementary income through local markets. Reproductive management of livestock is another critical area dominated by women. They monitor the estrous cycles, identify optimal breeding times, ______ ________ ________ _________ ________ __________.
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