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Women’s land rights in India have long been constrained by patriarchal traditions, unequal inheritance laws, and deeply entrenched social norms. Historically, land has been considered a primary asset in rural economies, providing both livelihood security and social status. However, despite women’s significant contribution to agricultural production and rural livelihoods, their ownership and control over land has remained minimal. Recognizing this gap, the Government of India has undertaken various legal, policy, and programmatic measures to ensure women’s land rights, as part of broader efforts to enhance gender equality in agriculture, rural livelihoods, and natural resource management. These measures can be broadly understood in terms of constitutional provisions, legislative reforms, policy initiatives, land redistribution programs, and integration of gender concerns in natural resource governance. At the constitutional level, India has guaranteed equality before the law and non-discrimination on the grounds of sex through Articles 14, 15, and 16. The Directive Principles of State Policy also emphasize that the state shall strive to promote ownership and control of resources in ways that reduce inequalities. These provisions have provided the legal and moral foundation for pursuing gender justice in land reforms and related policies. However, the translation of these principles into effective land rights for women _____ ___ _________ ______ _________ ______.
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