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Bio-refineries play a significant role in promoting the circular economy by converting biological resources and organic waste into valuable products such as biofuels, bio-based chemicals, power, and heat. Unlike traditional linear production systems that follow a “take, make, and dispose” model, bio-refineries are designed to utilize renewable biomass efficiently and ensure that waste generated in one process becomes a resource for another. This approach helps reduce environmental pollution, conserve natural resources, and improve overall resource efficiency. A bio-refinery operates in a manner similar to a petroleum refinery but uses biomass such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, animal manure, municipal organic waste, and energy crops as feedstock. Through various biological, chemical, _________ _____ _____ ___ _______ ____ ____ ________ ______.
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