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The Right to Equality is one of the most significant Fundamental Rights guaranteed under Part III of the Constitution of India. It is embodied in Articles 14 to 18 and forms the foundation of a democratic and welfare state. Equality is not merely a legal concept but also a social and political ideal that ensures fairness, justice, and equal opportunities for all individuals. The Constitution seeks to eliminate discrimination, arbitrariness, and social inequalities while promoting equal treatment before the law. The judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court of India, has played a crucial role in interpreting and expanding the scope of the Right to Equality through various landmark decisions. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. The phrase "equality before the law" has been borrowed from the British legal system and implies the absence of any special privileges in favor of individuals. Every person, regardless of status, is subject to the ordinary law of the land. The expression "equal protection of the laws," borrowed from the Constitution of the United States, requires the State to treat similarly situated persons alike. It permits reasonable classification but prohibits class legislation. Reasonable classification under Article 14 must satisfy two conditions. First, the classification must be based on an intelligible differentia that distinguishes persons or things grouped together from those left out of the group. Second, this differentia must have a rational nexus with the objective sought to be achieved by the legislation. If either of these conditions is absent, the classification becomes arbitrary and unconstitutional. In State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar (1952), the Supreme Court examined the constitutional validity of a law that established special courts for certain cases. The Court held that arbitrary selection of cases without reasonable classification violated Article 14. This judgment emphasized that equality prohibits arbitrary discrimination by the State. In E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu (1974), the Supreme Court significantly expanded the meaning of Article 14 by holding that equality is opposed to arbitrariness. Justice P.N. Bhagwati observed that arbitrariness and equality are sworn enemies. If a State action is arbitrary, it is automatically unequal and therefore violative _______ ___ ______ _________ _________ _________ ____ _________ ______ ______ ____.
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