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The participation of workers in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930–34) and the Quit India Movement (1942) formed an important chapter in the history of the Indian National Movement. The industrial working class had emerged as a significant social and political force by the early twentieth century due to rapid industrialization in cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Kanpur, Ahmedabad, and Jamshedpur. Workers faced low wages, long working hours, poor living conditions, lack of job security, and exploitation by employers. These conditions made them increasingly aware of their rights and encouraged them to participate in nationalist politics. Although the nature and intensity of workers' participation varied in the two movements, their contribution strengthened the struggle against British colonial rule. During the Civil Disobedience Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 with the famous Dandi March, the main objective was to challenge British authority through non-payment of taxes, boycott of foreign goods, violation of unjust laws, and peaceful non-cooperation. The movement attracted support from various sections of society, including peasants, students, women, merchants, and workers. Industrial workers responded positively, especially in major urban centres where labour organizations had already begun mobilizing workers around economic and political issues. The workers viewed the Civil Disobedience Movement as an opportunity to combine their economic demands with the larger political objective of national independence. Many workers believed that the end of British rule would improve their working conditions and provide greater economic justice. Consequently, workers organized strikes, demonstrations, and protest marches in support of the movement. Textile workers in Bombay participated in strikes and public meetings. Railway workers, municipal employees, dock workers, and workers in engineering industries also expressed solidarity through various forms of protest. Trade unions played an important role in encouraging workers to join the nationalist struggle. The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), established in 1920, had already developed a network of labour organizations across the country. Although there were ideological differences among trade union leaders, many unions extended support to the Civil Disobedience Movement. Workers observed hartals, participated in picketing foreign cloth shops and liquor stores, and attended public meetings organized by the __________ __________ _______ _________ __________.
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