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Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in towns and cities, driven by industrialization, economic opportunities, better infrastructure, and access to services. In recent decades, urbanization has accelerated rapidly, particularly in developing countries, transforming social, economic, and environmental systems. While urbanization contributes significantly to economic growth and modernization, it also generates complex environmental issues and sustainability challenges that must be carefully addressed. One of the most significant impacts of urbanization is environmental degradation. Rapid expansion of cities often leads to the conversion of agricultural land, forests, wetlands, and other natural ecosystems into built-up areas. This results in habitat destruction, biodiversity loss, and fragmentation of ecosystems. The removal of vegetation reduces carbon sequestration and contributes to climate change. Urban sprawl increases land consumption per capita, reducing green spaces and altering natural drainage systems, which can intensify flooding and soil erosion. Air pollution is another major impact associated with urbanization. Urban areas concentrate industries, vehicles, power plants, and construction activities, all of which emit pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and greenhouse gases. The heavy reliance on fossil fuels for transportation and electricity generation worsens urban air quality. Poor air quality leads to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and contributes to global warming. The phenomenon of urban heat islands, where cities experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to _________ _____ __________ _________ ___ _________.
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