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The colonial administration in North East India was shaped by unique geographical, ethnographic, and strategic considerations. The region, comprising present-day states such as Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, and parts of Sikkim, was treated differently by the British compared to the rest of colonial India. The political structure and administrative strategies adopted in North East India during the colonial period were rooted in the broader colonial objective of resource extraction, political control, and strategic consolidation. The colonial engagement with the North East began in the early 19th century with the annexation of Assam after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) and the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. This marked the beginning of British political penetration into the region, and over the following decades, various tribal and hill areas were gradually brought under British influence through a mix of military expeditions, treaties, and administrative arrangements. The following aspects were central to the colonial administration in the region: 1. Frontier Policy and Segregation of Tribes: One of the most defining features of British policy in North East India was the frontier policy, which categorized regions into various administrative zones such as “Excluded Areas” and “Partially Excluded Areas.” These classifications, later formalized under the Government of India Act, 1935, were aimed at isolating the tribal communities from the mainstream administration. The “Excluded Areas” were those where the ordinary laws of British India did not apply, and the Governor exercised special powers without the intervention of the provincial legislature. This was most evident in the Naga Hills, Lushai Hills (Mizoram), and parts of the North Cachar Hills. The “Partially Excluded Areas” had limited application of laws and were administered with lesser interference. These areas included parts of the Khasi and Garo Hills. The objective of this policy was twofold: to minimize administrative costs in difficult terrain and to protect British economic and political interests by maintaining peace through indirect control. It also reflected a belief in the cultural and racial distinction between the hill tribes and the plains people, leading to a policy of segregation rather than integration. 2. Indirect Rule and Political Agents: ______ ____ ________ ______ __________ _______ ________ _________.
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