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Modern historians have approached the state formation during the Delhi Sultanate period with a nuanced and multidimensional perspective, incorporating political, economic, administrative, social, and military elements. Their interpretations often challenge older colonial or traditional narratives that presented the Sultanate merely as a foreign despotic regime. Instead, modern historiography seeks to understand the internal dynamics, indigenous responses, and administrative innovations that shaped the formation and consolidation of the state during this era. This analysis becomes particularly relevant when examining India’s political structure, as the Delhi Sultanate laid several foundational elements that influenced later regimes, including the Mughals and eventually the colonial state. The Delhi Sultanate, which lasted from the early 13th to the early 16th century, encompassed five major dynasties: the Mamluk (Slave) dynasty, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughlaq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty, and the Lodi dynasty. Modern historians argue that the Sultanate represented more than just political conquest; it marked the emergence of a centralized polity that significantly altered the Indian subcontinent’s political landscape. Centralization and Military Organization One of the key themes modern historians emphasize is the Sultanate's role in establishing a centralized political structure. Historians such as Satish Chandra and Irfan Habib argue that state formation under the Delhi Sultans involved significant efforts to centralize power in the hands of the monarch. This centralization was achieved through the control of the army, revenue, and administrative appointments. The iqta system, for instance, played a crucial role in this process. Initially, iqtas were simply land grants given to military commanders in lieu of ___ __________ ___ ___ _____ ________ _______ __________.
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