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Biotechnology plays an increasingly transformative role in environmental management by harnessing the capabilities of microorganisms, plants, and biological processes to restore ecological balance, reduce pollution, and promote sustainable resource utilization. Its applications span pollution control, waste management, renewable energy production, ecosystem restoration, and environmental monitoring. By integrating biological systems into environmental engineering, biotechnology provides cleaner, safer, and more efficient alternatives to conventional chemical and mechanical methods, which are often expensive and environmentally burdensome. One of the central contributions of biotechnology lies in its ability to utilize naturally occurring or engineered microorganisms to degrade harmful pollutants such as hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals, and industrial waste. These microbes possess metabolic pathways capable of breaking down toxic compounds into harmless substances, thereby making bioremediation a powerful and eco-friendly tool for soil and water restoration. Bioremediation methods such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, bioventing, phytoremediation, and mycoremediation are widely used to treat contaminated sites. For example, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria help in cleaning oil spills, while plants like vetiver and water hyacinth absorb heavy metals from polluted environments. Another important application is in waste management, where biotechnology facilitates the conversion of organic solid waste into valuable products through composting, vermicomposting, and anaerobic digestion. Microbial action during ___ _______ __________ __________ ____ __________ _____ ____.
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