Describe typology of urban informal settlement. Explain causes and formation of informal settlements.

Urban informal settlements, commonly known as slums or squatter settlements, are areas within urban environments that develop outside formal planning and regulation. These settlements emerge in response to rapid urbanization, socio-economic disparities, and the inability of formal housing markets to accommodate the growing demand for shelter. Informal settlements typically feature substandard living conditions, including overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to basic services like clean water, sanitation, and electricity. Understanding the typology, causes, and formation of these settlements is essential to addressing the challenges of urban planning and development.

Typology of Urban Informal Settlements

Informal settlements can be classified into several types based on their characteristics, location, and the nature of their development. These typologies include:

1. Squatter Settlements: Squatter settlements are perhaps the most recognizable form of informal settlements. People settle on land that they do not own or have legal permission to occupy. These settlements often emerge on vacant or underutilized land, such as on hillsides, riverbanks, or industrial areas. Over time, residents may build makeshift homes from materials like corrugated iron, wood, and plastic. Squatter settlements are typically characterized by poor infrastructure, lack of legal land tenure, and vulnerability to displacement.

2. Shantytowns: Shantytowns are similar to squatter settlements but typically emerge in urban peripheries or areas experiencing rapid urban growth. These settlements are often marked by a haphazard arrangement of small, poorly constructed houses made from cheap, _______ ________ ________ _______ ___ _________ ___ ______ _______.
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