Define poverty. Discuss the causes and consequences of urban poverty.

Poverty, in its simplest terms, refers to the condition in which individuals or communities lack the financial resources to meet a minimum standard of living. It encompasses more than just the absence of income; it involves lack of access to essential services such as education, healthcare, housing, and clean water, as well as opportunities for meaningful employment. Urban poverty, specifically, refers to the manifestation of poverty within urban areas, where the cost of living is typically higher and the social and economic challenges more complex. In the context of urban planning and development, urban poverty poses significant issues and challenges that hinder sustainable and inclusive city growth.

### Causes of Urban Poverty

Urban poverty is driven by a combination of structural, economic, social, and environmental factors. The following are some of the major causes:

1. Rural-Urban Migration: One of the primary causes of urban poverty is the mass migration from rural to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities, education, and living standards. However, cities are often ill-equipped to absorb this influx, leading to overpopulation, unemployment, and the expansion of informal settlements. Migrants typically end up in low-income jobs in the informal sector, with little or no job security.

2. Unemployment and Underemployment: Urban areas often face high levels of unemployment, especially among youth and unskilled workers. The job market in cities is unable to provide adequate opportunities to meet the growing labor force. Even when jobs are available, they are frequently low-paying, irregular, and lack social protection, pushing individuals and families into poverty.

3. Lack of Affordable Housing: Rapid urbanization has led to a steep rise in demand for housing, but the supply of affordable and adequate housing has not kept pace. As a result, a large portion of the urban population is forced ____ ____ _________ ___ ________.
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