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Universal precautions are a set of infection control practices used to prevent transmission of diseases, especially bloodborne pathogens such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), during patient care. These precautions assume that every person’s blood and body fluids are potentially infectious, regardless of their diagnosis or perceived health status. In the context of public health and HIV/AIDS care, universal precautions are essential to protect both healthcare providers and patients from infection. These measures are particularly critical in clinical settings, hospitals, home-based care, and community outreach programs involving people living with HIV (PLHIV). The core components of universal precautions include the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper handling and disposal of sharps, hand hygiene, and the disinfection of contaminated surfaces and equipment. These are implemented uniformly across all settings, without waiting for an HIV diagnosis, to ensure safety and reduce stigma. 1. Hand Hygiene Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of universal precautions. All healthcare workers should wash their hands: * Before and after any direct contact with a patient * After removing gloves * After contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, or contaminated items Soap and water should be used if hands are visibly soiled. Otherwise, alcohol-based hand rubs are acceptable and effective. In HIV care, hand hygiene is essential to prevent not only HIV transmission but also opportunistic infections which can be life-threatening for immunocompromised patients. 2. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal protective equipment includes gloves, gowns, masks, goggles, and face shields. The use of PPE depends on the nature of the anticipated exposure. * Gloves should be worn when there is potential contact with blood, mucous membranes, broken skin, or contaminated items. They must be changed between procedures on the same patient and between patients. * Gowns or aprons _________ __________ ___ ________ ________ _________ ___ ____ ____ _______.
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