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The Rig Vedic period, generally dated between c.1500 BCE and c.1000 BCE, represents the earliest phase of Vedic civilization in north-western India. The primary source for understanding this period is the Rig Veda, a collection of hymns that provides valuable insights into the social, political, economic, and religious life of the people. The society was predominantly pastoral, tribal, and relatively simple, while political organization was based on kinship rather than territorial states. The basic social unit was the family or *kula*, headed by the eldest male, known as the *grihapati*. The family was patriarchal, and descent was traced through the male line. However, women enjoyed a respectable position in society. They participated in religious ceremonies, attended assemblies, and received education. Learned women such as Lopamudra, Ghosha, and Apala composed hymns included in the Rig Veda. Marriage was generally monogamous, though polygamy existed among chiefs. Child marriage and the ____ __________ ____ ___ ________ ____.
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