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Scientific principles in the care of surgical patients are based on anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pharmacology, and evidence-based nursing practice. A thorough understanding of body systems helps the nurse assess the patient’s condition, recognize deviations from normal, and anticipate complications. Accurate preoperative assessment includes evaluation of vital signs, nutritional status, fluid and electrolyte balance, and psychological readiness, ensuring that the patient is _______ ________ ________ _________ ______ _______.
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