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Bizygomatic Breadth and Upper Facial Height are important craniofacial measurements used in biological anthropology to study human variation, population differences, growth patterns, and evolutionary relationships. These measurements help anthropologists compare facial dimensions among individuals and populations using standardized anatomical landmarks and instruments. Accurate identification of landmarks and proper positioning of the subject are essential for obtaining reliable data. Bizygomatic Breadth is the maximum width of the face measured between the two zygions. It represents the greatest distance across the cheekbones and is one of the most commonly used facial measurements in anthropometric studies. The instrument used for measuring Bizygomatic Breadth is a spreading caliper. Before taking the measurement, the subject should sit or stand in the anatomical position with the head held in the Frankfort Horizontal Plane. The examiner stands in front of the subject and identifies the right and left zygion landmarks by gentle palpation. The measurement procedure begins by opening ____ ________ ________ ___ _________ ___ __________.
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