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Graft rejection occurs when the immune system of a recipient recognizes a transplanted organ or tissue as foreign and mounts an immune response against it. The immunological basis of graft rejection primarily involves the recognition of non-self antigens, particularly the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, also known as human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in humans. MHC molecules present on donor cells are highly polymorphic, meaning that even closely related individuals often have different MHC profiles. When donor MHC molecules are detected by the recipient’s immune system, they trigger a cascade of immune responses that can lead to graft failure. The immune response in graft rejection is mediated by both cellular and humoral mechanisms. Cellular rejection is primarily driven _______ ________ ___ __________ _________ ______ ________ _________ _________.
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