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α-amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins and share a common general structure. Each α-amino acid contains a central carbon atom known as the alpha carbon (Cα). This carbon is bonded to four different groups: an amino group (–NH₂), a carboxyl group (–COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain known as the R group. The amino and carboxyl groups give amino acids _____ ______ ___ _________ ____ _______ _____ _______.
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