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India has a long tradition of environmental consciousness embedded within its cultural, religious, and social practices. The idea of respecting and conserving nature has deep roots in Indian society, visible in ancient scriptures, folklore, and community-based practices. Over centuries, various movements emerged across the country in response to deforestation, over-exploitation of natural resources, industrial pollution, and ecological degradation. These movements have been shaped by a mixture of indigenous traditions, community resistance, Gandhian philosophy, and modern ecological awareness. Within the agriculture and allied sectors, the conservation of soil, forests, water, and biodiversity has been central because these are the foundations of rural livelihoods. The history of such movements can be traced through ancient practices, colonial struggles, post-independence grassroots protests, and contemporary policy-driven campaigns. In ancient India, conservation practices were integral to the lifestyle of agricultural communities. The Vedas, Upanishads, and later texts like the Arthashastra emphasized sustainable use of forests, protection of rivers, and regulation of hunting. Sacred groves, locally known as “Dev Van” or “Sarna,” were maintained by communities as protected spaces where cutting of trees or hunting was strictly prohibited. Water conservation structures like step wells, tanks, and bunds were constructed to ensure sustainable irrigation and drinking water availability. These practices highlight that before the emergence of organized environmental movements, cultural traditions themselves acted as strong conservation mechanisms in an agrarian society. The colonial period marked a significant shift in the relationship between people and natural resources. British forest policies prioritized commercial exploitation of timber for shipbuilding and railways. Large tracts of forests were brought under state control, leading to displacement of tribal communities and restrictions on their traditional rights to grazing, shifting cultivation, and forest produce. This gave rise to early resistance movements against forest laws. The Bishnoi community of Rajasthan, for instance, followed a strict environmental __________ _________ _______ _____ ____ ______ ___.
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