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India's cyber laws, primarily encapsulated in the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), serve as the nation's foundational legal framework for addressing cybercrimes and electronic governance. However, as cyber threats evolve globally, it becomes imperative to assess India's legal structures in comparison to international frameworks to identify areas for enhancement. The IT Act, 2000, was India's initial attempt to regulate cyberspace, providing legal recognition to electronic records and digital signatures. It also defined cybercrimes and prescribed penalties for civil wrongs. Over time, the Act has been amended to address emerging challenges, including the introduction of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, which aims to safeguard digital personal data . Internationally, the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, adopted in 2001, stands as the first international treaty seeking to address internet and computer crime. It aims to harmonize national laws, improve investigative techniques, and increase cooperation among nations . The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), effective from ______ ____ ____ ____ ______ _________.
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