Word Count : 215

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To calculate the equilibrium concentration of vacancies in a copper crystal, we use the expression derived from thermodynamics: $$ n_v = N \exp\left(-\frac{Q_v}{RT}\right) $$ where $n_v$ is the number of vacancies, $N$ is the total ___ _________ ______ ____ ____ ________ ______ _________ _____ _____ _____ ______.
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