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Crown ethers are cyclic polyether compounds widely used in separation chemistry for the selective extraction of metal ions. These molecules contain several oxygen atoms arranged in a ring structure, which can coordinate with metal cations through lone pair electrons. The discovery of crown ethers revolutionized solvent extraction techniques because of their high selectivity toward specific metal ions based on cavity size and charge density. The extraction _______ ______ ___ ________ ___ ___ ____ ____.
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