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Rapid urbanization has intensified disaster risks in cities, making urban planning a critical component of effective disaster management. One of the most important issues is land-use planning. Unplanned settlements, encroachment on floodplains, and construction in seismic or coastal hazard zones increase vulnerability. Effective zoning regulations, enforcement of building codes, and the integration of hazard maps into development planning are essential to minimize exposure to natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, and cyclones. Infrastructure resilience is another major concern. Urban systems including transportation, water supply, electricity, drainage, and communication networks must be designed to withstand extreme events. Poorly constructed ___ ______ ___ ____ _________ _______ ________.
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