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Vulnerability analysis is a systematic process used to identify, assess, and understand the susceptibility of individuals, communities, systems, or regions to potential hazards and risks. It plays a crucial role in disaster management, environmental studies, development planning, and security studies by helping policymakers and practitioners design effective risk reduction strategies. Various approaches and models have been developed to analyze vulnerability, each emphasizing different dimensions such as physical exposure, social conditions, economic capacity, and institutional preparedness. One important approach is the physical or exposure-based approach, which focuses on the location and characteristics of people and assets in relation to hazards. This approach examines factors such as proximity to floodplains, seismic zones, coastal areas, or industrial sites. It assesses vulnerability mainly in terms of potential damage to infrastructure, housing, and livelihoods. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing tools are commonly used to map hazard-prone areas and identify exposed populations. While this approach provides clear spatial insights, it often overlooks social and economic differences among affected ________ __________ ____ _____ ____.
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