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Desertification has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges in India, threatening the ecological balance, agricultural productivity, water security, and livelihoods of millions of people. The country’s arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions are particularly vulnerable, with studies estimating that nearly a quarter of India’s landmass suffers from some form of land degradation due to desertification. This phenomenon is not only confined to the arid tracts of Rajasthan but is also visible in states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and even parts of the Himalayan belt. The challenge to sustainable development posed by desertification lies in its intricate linkages with poverty, food security, biodiversity loss, and climate change. In response, India has adopted a range of approaches—scientific, institutional, technological, community-based, and policy-driven—to combat this growing threat. An analysis of these approaches highlights both the progress achieved and the persistent gaps that require urgent attention. One of the major approaches has been afforestation and reforestation programs. Recognizing that loss of vegetation cover accelerates soil erosion and moisture loss, large-scale tree plantation drives have been initiated under schemes such as the National Afforestation Programme, Green India Mission, and state-level social forestry projects. In desert-prone regions like Rajasthan, shelterbelt plantations have been established to act as windbreaks, reducing the velocity of ______ __________ __________ ______ ___ ______ _______.
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