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Desertification is one of the most pressing ecological challenges in India, threatening the sustainability of land resources, agricultural productivity, and the livelihood security of millions of people dependent on natural ecosystems. With nearly 30 percent of India’s geographical area already affected by various forms of land degradation and desertification, the issue poses a significant obstacle to achieving sustainable development. Combating desertification requires multi-pronged approaches that address the socio-economic, environmental, and institutional dimensions of the problem. India, being a signatory to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), has adopted diverse strategies ranging from legislative and policy frameworks to community-based management, technological interventions, and integration of traditional practices. Analysing these approaches helps to understand both their potential and limitations in the broader context of sustainable development. One of the most prominent approaches to combating desertification in India has been the policy and legislative framework established by the government. Various national-level policies such as the National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAP, 2001), the National Afforestation Programme, and the Green India Mission provide strategic direction to address land degradation. The NAP was developed in line with UNCCD obligations and focuses on sustainable land management, watershed development, afforestation, and livelihood enhancement for vulnerable communities. The National Mission for a Green India, launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, aims to enhance carbon sinks through afforestation and ecosystem restoration. Similarly, the Desert Development Programme, initiated in the 1970s and later merged with the Integrated Watershed Management Programme, sought to prevent further desertification by stabilizing sand dunes, improving vegetation cover, and ensuring water availability in drought-prone areas. These frameworks highlight a top-down governance approach where state agencies plan, fund, and monitor projects, while local communities serve as beneficiaries. However, challenges such as weak coordination among departments, inadequate monitoring, and uneven implementation across states often undermine the effectiveness of these programmes. Technological and scientific interventions represent another crucial dimension in India’s strategy against desertification. Satellite-based remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and soil health mapping have been deployed to monitor desertification processes and identify vulnerable zones. The Indian ____ ____ _________ ______ ___ ________ _____ __________ ______ _____ ________ _______.
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