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Software architecture has evolved significantly in response to changes in computing technology, organizational requirements, network capabilities, and the increasing demand for efficient information sharing. Traditional computing environments were initially designed around standalone computers, where applications, data, and processing capabilities were located on individual machines. As organizations expanded and needed greater collaboration, centralized processing and networking became important. This evolution eventually led to client-server architecture, in which computing tasks and resources are distributed between client computers and one or more servers. In traditional desktop computing, commonly known as standalone or desktop-based computing, each user generally works on an individual personal computer. The operating system, application software, and data are installed or stored locally on the desktop. Examples include word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, and database applications installed directly on a user's computer. Processing is primarily performed by the local computer. This model is relatively simple because it does not require extensive network infrastructure, but it creates difficulties when many users need to access common information or applications. One major limitation of traditional desktop computing is duplication of software and data. If an organization has hundreds of computers, the same application may need to be installed and maintained separately on every computer. Software updates, security patches, and configuration changes must also be performed _____ ______ ____ ______ _____ _____ __________ ____ ___.
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